Bags

BAGS Whole document is based on my observation of bags at places, time and culture. I have tried to critically analyze and examine that how people wear bags at different places like streets, parks, shopping center, railway station and how their unconsciousness of mind changes the style of carrying it for example people hold their bags tightly in the railway stations its not because somebody is stealing their bag at that moment but in reality people are scared of pick pockets present in the surrounding and moreover announcements which are being done again and again has left a mark on people’s mind.Now even sometimes you notice there is no announcements going on but still people carry their bags so tightly as if they are going to be robbed, it just because of unconsciousness of mind which is ruling ones body language. I have also observed different types, shapes, sizes and colors of bags, and tried to judge the hidden meanings behind the scene, different perceptions and use valu es of the bags.Lets take an example of fashion orientated women which I have observed in the gally lafatte to them a tiny clutch in hand or back pack slung over shoulder, never mind what is inside in it, the thing which matters to them is a bag, which tells their whole life story, her reality and her dream. This type of behavior pattern is may be because handbags are visible on the body and gives the wearer chance to show off and publically declare their status, fashion statement or inspirations like Channel, Hermes silently.Today when you walk into any luxury brand store any where in the world, you will find yourself surrounded by millions of identical bags who have lost their meaning since they are mass produced as Marx says, â€Å"Abstract member of species identical by definition with its other member. † (Taken from class handout) In simpler words, today buying a luxury brand handbag is an exercise in banality, where you walk into the well appointed store pass the chic su ited security guards, see different peruse what is on display, choose one of them, pay bill and walk out with your purchase.The shopping experience may have been pleasant but in the end it was not a different experience then going to the H&M, ZARA or GAP, except from the price. There is nothing unique about the handbag: the brand has churned out thousands of them, absolutely identical. But this fact cannot be ignored that the handbag, which has been brought temporary satisfies our desire and makes us feel special by this thought that we own something, which is socially recognized and well perceived by the materialistic society who recognizes a person from its possessions owned.Despite this worldly feeling which excites us that we ignores the fact that bag which we have brought might not be able to fulfill exactly what we desired or excepted to be in our mind before going to the shop. This can be only possible if we place a special order to have something custom made especially for u s, according to our wish list. Practically speaking in present world there are hardly few companies who produce like this.Hermes would be the perfect example to discuss but they are extremely expensive out of the range of ordinary person so what you get in usual cases is a ready -to -carry bag. Hermes bags on display in the store are just display models to show options, you choose the material, order according to your desired size, color and shape. Then you wait for several months until it is made according to your specifications. When it arrives in the shop they invite you to pick it up, it your bag because of its unique style of making it.When I visited Hermes store I realized most of the designs have been around for century and they still have long waiting list not because they are in fashion but in actual they never go out of the fashion. Hermes bags don’t have logos because bag themselves are sufficiently recognizable. They convey the image of old money, craftsmanship an d refinement _ even if those who carry them have neither. They are luxury discreet symbol of wealth and success.It helps us to understand what luxury once was and what it is no longer. Handbags have become an intoxicating lure, which we don’t realize but it in reality it is killing every single women from inside who cannot afford to buy. Their obsession to have a bag is mounting to such great extend that even don’t bother from where it is coming, only what matters to them is bag and how they can have it regardless of this fact that whether their pocket is giving them permission to purchase it or not.This time when I went back to the Pakistan I observed some girls who belonged to a very reasonable family but this bags lust badly hooked and disturbed them to such great degree that they started to work as prostitutes just to earn enough to get a Channel, Dior or Hermes bag. I know it sounds bit unrealistic but unfortunately it is bitter reality of this cruel society, who have pissed off those poor girl under the pressure of so-called high society where if you don’t carry a nice expensive bag, then you don’t have a right to socialize because there persons are not one who meet with each other its actually things who are displayed on the show.This whole drama staged increases the importance of a bag that it why automatically gets surrounded by thick clouds of wealth and privilege or in simpler words its a way to show off yourself to the society that you are doing well, despite this fact behind the picture that how much you have sacrificed to buy a bag. Once I read a very interesting article written by English journalist during London fashion week in 2006, â€Å"Everybody-everybody is talking about handbag with the intensity of cardinal appointing a new POP†From this we can imagine how serious bags are taken regardless about which culture east or west you are talking about. Women obsession with logos has become such a big part of we stern society that contemporary artists riffed on it, they states these luxury brands often creates great displeasure. Understanding bags phenomena today is not an easy question to answer, it is actually very complicated in a highly complex society where its use values iffer with time-to-time or person-to-person, even if I take my example I might also use my Never full (LV BAG) for various purposes. While going to the university I always use that one because I find it more practical, spacious, strong ideal to put my books and laptop rather then my Armani bag which is new latest above of all its in my favorite color red but still I like to use my Never full more while I am traveling or going to university reason behind might be, that it provides me grater level of comfort and enable me carry my stuff easily.Where as in night when I am going out with my friends, I might prefer to use Armani bag or may be Never full but this time its meaning, purpose would change as it will be more lik e a fashion statement and representative of my personality. To me my bag says everything about myself_ my taste, my style, in short it explains my whole life history and at the same time it represents my present thoughts prevailing in my mind, my mood swings etc. From here we can analyze this small thing â€Å"bags† have become necessity of our lives, which is actually more like our mirror image reflecting unsaid things about us to the society silently.Most interesting thing is that people not only understands this ideology but also responds to it. So we can conclude like this from street bags like H&M, ZARA and MANGO to Haute couture collection, handbags have become carriers of the secret, signifier of power, status and beauty for women or we can say it other way around as it is a keeper of the equipment of daily life which have been strongly influenced by technological and societal changes such as the development of money, jewelry, transportation, cosmetic, smoking, cell ph ones and role of the women in society.In this wonderful modern world of bags in which huge array of different designs and colors have made ones life more complicated, instead of giving pleasure to own something it has become source of displeasure. Even a richest lady cannot afford to buy all desired designs and colors of bags, because everyone has certain limit to purchase things which does not allow her to have all unlimited designs displayed in a market.Every women is badly in love with handbags but they feel reluctant to express themselves that’s why they take shelter of different excuses for example once I heard a women saying that I pay high price for Hermes or Louis Vuitton bag, because their high quality makes it timeless, radiates richness, glamour and excellence_ even if it is but it does not mean you are paying hundreds of dollar for these factors ignoring your pending credit card, electricity, phone bills to make up for the alligator skin.Have we ever thought why w e do this even when our pocket doesn’t permit us? Is it really important to prove our financial status or power from bags, do we? Personally for me the answer is no, you buy a bag to satisfy your desires, needs and wants _not to show off or to prove somebody that you have power to purchase a bag. I think real power is gaining government positions; raising healthy kids, leaving an abusive relationship, fight against corruption. That’s real power. Power isn’t that poor, dismembered crocodile you’re lugging around everywhere you go.If you have Hermes or LV bag that’s good for you nobody has to do something with its that’s all about our mind, who thinks you have succeed in this world trust me no one even bothers and nor you suddenly gain status in life or neither your nose turns from it natural position to more elevated position. Seriously to me having an expensive bag will never help you to gain respectable position in the society it’s y our behavior, good deeds and nice gesture towards other which actually succeeds in the world not these bags.I don’t know how even a reasonable educated women think like that, why they don’t understand this simple fact that how a man made thing can make once personality on the whole, I am not denying this truth that to some extend it contributes to once look but we cannot give full credit to it. If we will then to me its like you are not giving any room to the rest of the factors education, your brought up and moral values which you have been given by your parents. Don’t feel from my argument and observations that I am against of handbags;I am just opposing wrong behavior pattern, which is being developed by this so-called society in which we live and we don’t realize it, but this problem is growing day by day it has become serious matter of life and death which need to be considered. I know women without her handbag feels as lost as a wanderer in the dese rt because I am also one of them but it does not mean that we should forget everything just go out in a search of nice Hermes leather bag. After all we have other social responsibilities, which should be cater on first priority.Basically handbag is the movable base for supplies or a depot of women expected needs. These eventual needs may reach out to a degree far beyond any man’s power of imagination and becomes a mysterious dungeon. The typical handbag of typical women contains a certain number of fundamental things, plus her individual touch, it is that individual touch that fills the bag. Some item is pretty sure to roll out the moment the bag is opened. Every woman’s handbag is lost and found department in itself. It is strange, but things actually disappear there, as by magic.And then few minutes later, it finally reappears on the surface after three or four investigations. Most funny part is that every man knows about this two-minute drama, which is repeated almo st everyday in life, â€Å"Heaven, I must have lost my watch, or my keys, that important letter† It usually has a happy ending by saying, â€Å"Oh I found that†. Nothing gives a man more self-satisfaction than such an experience, which explains whole myth of the superiority of men is built on the fact that a man never carries a handbag.Moreover it help to develop man’s relationship with her girl even more stronger when he lifts her bag while she is trying on clothes in try room, going to public toilet and she doesn’t want to carry it, when she is holding his baby or too tried to hold it while shopping. This whole act of holding a bag shows a kind and sweet gesture of a man being developed on these bag phenomena, which played a role of bridge between two people, thus bringing them even closer to each other. In order to have better understanding of what is a bag? , How serious they are taken today?What is the current status? _ Hunting these answer since las t two months finally I ended up with an experiment of my theories about bags and how people perceive it, moreover further analyzing how their behavior changes with the power of bags. I went to galle lafate several times in different clothing styles and bags, I won’t take individual brand name because I feel as I am singling or pointing out any particular one among all which is unfair-there what I observed was the treatment gap is likely to occur in almost all luxury retailers based on consumer possessions owned.First I went in carrying a really old bag, which I even don’t remember myself when I used that last time along with this, I wore my last year faded jeans which is almost out of the fashion now days but on the top I wore really nice shirt which I recently brought from Zara, what I noticed was complete ignorance from salespersons who were passing me weird looks and they might be thinking in their mind who let me in this luxury store because my physical appearance reflected an image of below then average class girl who even don’t have a right to see these things but in reality that time I was carrying 500 euros in my bag.Then second time I went in wearing the same jeans with last year top and carrying a regular nice bag which I usually use for everyday grocery or random shopping with 300 euros in it, what I felt this time was quite similar to first one complete ignorance but with little improvement this time there were not passing me those weird looks which were quite embarrassing thank God.Then next time I went there wearing that same jeans and a really old top on it but this time I was carrying my Never full LV bag _you won’t believe it what happened the moment it stepped in the same brand shop were I went before I heard â€Å"hello† from the sales person who was standing right on the front, seriously I was so amazed to see that because she was the same one who passed me such wired looks and now she was greeting me as i f I am a princess. In fact whole time she was there to attend me. Trust me suddenly whole world fell under my knees, asking again and again that how I was doing? Or whether I need some help? I was not dressed any more expensively- in fact I was wearing clothes that would hardly cost 25 euros but the empty bag from inside was only one thing that people could see from outside. Seriously if I had been gone naked carrying my LV bag, I don’t think anyone would stop me or ask me to leave. Of course, this was a strictly informal and non-scientific test, and I’m sure that sales persons at stores would have been happy or at least compelled, if not enthusiastic to help me when I was carrying my regular or old bag and they might have attended me if I had approached or asked them to help me.But from this experiment I got a very clear message that bags are likely to be one of the most important accessory even more important then our clothes which normally persons look upon and judg e whether we are worthy of positive attention and interest by others or not? In short bags is a big deal and understanding that how you should dress largely depends on our bags. So we can conclude this whole experiment by saying, â€Å"yes bags have an ability to change once perception about you. And In this so called- perfect world where its really difficult to judge once mind because society in which we live isn’t without flaws, so for the time being if you want to survive in this materialistic world its better to settle the situation by having nice branded bag to show others you are doing well, even if in reality you are not but it doesn’t matter because you have shelter of your branded bag under which you can hide your reality.I know this is silly to hear but unfortunately this is an easiest solution so far I am able to find, if you really want to be treated as respectable person in this brand conscious society, where they look your bag first and then decide wheth er to talk or not. From the beginning, I knew this was going to be the result but when it happened actually I went into the shock after looking such diversified behavior, which would be even better to say, two opposite ends of one’s personality you can see from this bag phenomena.I would like to sum up my whole document by summarizing what Marx and Benjamin thinks about bags in today’s world and what I have perceived about bags from my last two months observations. Marx is a sociologist and Benjamin is one of his followers, they both focuses on the things taking place in everyday life and strongly rejects the idea of expanding mass culture which is tied to industrialism. They view act of creating an object (for example a bag) as an exercise where worker embodied his sprit to the object and make it special from his feelings, but introduction of mass culture has divorced mankind from the real object.So the bags, which are being manufactured now days are to them, soulless and objectified, Moreover Benjamin feels these bags on display in luxurious stores like Luis Viton store are scene of destruction where workers stand as customer in the foreground who is not capable of buying it, in short in his believe people are enthroned to merchandised, where they are being manipulated by the objects which are out of their approach and at the same time they enjoy feeling of alienation from themselves and others because their social need are not meet when they forced to work whole day with machines, resulting in soulless ready to carry bags available in the market who have lost their actual meaning.I would totally agree with both of them because I also view quite similar to them, now days in actual society has become classless, objectified and materialistic who only look forward to MONEY AND MONEY that all, nothing more then that if you carrying nice expensive bag only then you have a right to breath otherwise not. Seriously I don’t understand why is that so? Why a normal person don’t have right to carry what they like or what suits they budget? Why there is always society pressure on one’s decision making? Why they don’t they analyze person from its skills and ability of doing something instead of looking upon her bags that how many branded bags she own? I know these questions are very frustrating and cannot be answered quickly at once because people behavior pattern vary a lot with time-to-time, person-to-person, culture-to-culture but all it ends at one point â€Å"obsession of bags† and its â€Å"growing hunger† to have more and more.

Marketing Excellence: BMW Essay

1. What are the pros and cons to BMW’s selective target marketing? What has the firm done well over the years and where could it improve? When I see someone riding in a BMW, I know that they must be making good money. The stereotype for people who drive BMW’s is that they are rich, and these are the people that the people over at BMW target. The pros to targeting the higher income population is that they will be targeting people who are more likely to purchase their product. Since BMW is known as a luxury car, people who have lower incomes are less likely to purchase from them. The cons to the selective marketing are that by not advertising to lower income people, they have nothing to be motivated for. Someone could see a BMW ad, and be motivated to one day own one. Since the market is specifically the wealthier incomes, the lower income population may not be as aware of BMW. I see commercials for Mercedes all of the time now, and I know that I can’t afford one yet. As soon as I’m able too, I plan on making it a priority to purchase a Mercedes. The firm has done a great job of improving its vehicle s over the years. They have added so many electronic features to its cars to stay up to date with technology. BMW also has come out with high-performance SUV’s for people with larger families and who are more active. To improve, I would suggest that they maybe create a model for the lower income population. Considering the majority of the population is middle-class or lower, there is a whole untapped market for BMW to reach. Read more:Â  BMW Essay 2. BMW’s sales slipped during the worldwide recession in 2008 and 2009. Is its segmentation strategy too selective? Why or why not? I would say that their strategy is not too selective. During the recession, everybody struggled. So to blame BMW for their strategy that had made them so successful in the first place would not be fair. I believe that their strategy could’ve actually helped them during that time. Since BMW is so selective, they are only targeting people that have money anyways. So money that they spend on advertising wasn’t necessarily being wasted.

Early Marriage in South Asia Essay

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Newly engaged couple hears that you are taking a course in Research Paper

Newly engaged couple hears that you are taking a course in interpersonal communication, and wants advice for their relationship - Research Paper Example (Krauss and Fussell, n.d). 1. The principles and misconceptions in effective interpersonal communications The level of communication in any particular situation determines what kind of social behavior will take place between the concerned individuals. (Krauss and Fussell, n.d). For example, with a couple like yours who are newly engaged and experiencing problems with interpersonal communication have to concentrate extremely hard on improving the communication between the two of you if the said relationship is to be sustained and nurtured over time. In couple’s relationships, communication sort of becomes the glue that holds the two people together. The more open and honest the communication level is between the two of you, the closer you will be and the less open and more strained the communication level is between the two of you the farther apart you will be and the more chances there will be of this relationship falling apart. Research on the matter has determined that commu nication does mediate behavior, but it is still hazy on how exactly it accomplishes this. (Krauss and Fussell, n.d). This could be because the topics under question are very intangible and cannot be quantified and tested easily and also because they vary with situation. Since every situation is case specific, we cannot generalize completely how exactly communication will affect interpersonal relations. For example, imagine a scenario where you guys have a fight. Both of you are angry, but your reactions as a result of this anger may be completely different. Sara, you may prefer to fume quietly and be more passive aggressive and Tim, you might be more vocal in your anger. Another couple in the midst of an angry fight might have completely different reactions. When communicating with one another you also have to be careful to catch, identify and correctly respond to any signs and symbols used during the communication by your partner. Knowledge and understanding of signs comes from kno wledge of the world. (Krauss and Fussell, n.d). For example, tears are a sign of sadness and smiling is a sign of happiness. However these are simplistic examples and in reality in your relationship you two will be faced with more complex signs to interpret. You both will have to watch out for facial expressions, body language and posture etc of the other as signs of what they are feeling. These signs may be specific to each one of you, but being around each other will provide you knowledge about them and help you interpret them better. Symbolic behavior includes the use of language; for example, Sara, if Tim says ‘I am upset’ it is a symbol of how he is feeling and this symbol helps him express his inner feelings to you. (Krauss and Fussell, n.d). One more thing to note is that the production of signs is inherent, while the production of symbols is learned. (Krauss and Fussell, n.d). Further, the two of you must realize that not only the spoken word counts as communica tion. All behavior counts as communication because even the smallest facial expressions and mood swings have the tendency to emotionally affect the other person. (Krauss and Fussell, n.d). Both of you should be aware of your own and each other’s behavior and how it affects you emotionally. Often talking about these indications will clear matters out and avoid them from

Tax Consequences of Non US residents operating a business in the Essay

Tax Consequences of Non US residents operating a business in the United States. Also Non US residents Investing in United States business and or other United States Investments - Essay Example As per the invest-faq.com, a non-resident alien is able to enjoy holding some investments in this nation (USA) while at the same time getting numerous tax exempts upon income gained from the investments. A good example is the situation where a citizen of the US does his job in the USA for a considerable time period and gets a good portfolio of securities while in the USA. This person can hold on to that portfolio perfectly regardless of whether she/he stays in the USA afterwards. The term or expression non-resident alien also encompasses such nationals from foreign countries who happen to reside in the USA such as students. These non-resident aliens who have US holdings are obliged to comply with the rules of the USA taxation system as the taxation authority of the US enforces such, the IRS. Since the taxation laws of the USA seem complicated, non-resident aliens need to consult tax advisors who have all taxation issues on their finger tips. Fundamentally, a non-resident in USA, for taxation purposes, has to spend a period of lesser than 183 days in the USA. The rule governing this is complex in a way since it considers the previous years as well, as per the publication number 519 of the IRS. (Invest-faq.com, 2009) Several court cases for non-resident alien taxation cases have been heard and resolved in court. Examples include Storerios and Catherine Hantzis versus CIR and Michel versus Commissioner among others. In the case of Storerios and Catherine Hantzis versus CIR, the initial circuit of the court of appeal for the USA stated that a full-time student of law who is unemployed and is residing in Boston and at the same time attending classes in the Harvard Law School which is in Cambridge, who decided to take up a job for summer in the New York for 10 weeks got a tax home in New York alone since New York was her employment location. Thus, being an employed full-time student kind of status in his residence, Boston was not enough to take that as her

Maison Bouygues Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

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Social Sontract Theory of John Locke Essay Example for Free

Social Sontract Theory of John Locke Essay This paper analyzes the social contract theory of John Locke and how his values are consistent with the criminal justice system and private security settings of today. It will further discuss whether or not Locke’s’ values and principles apply to both criminal justice and private security venues. I will also summarize the major differences of the social contract theories; identify the key principles associated with Locke’s social contract theory; identify how these principles are inculcated in the U. S. Bill of Rights; identify how these principles play out in the criminal justice system and security settings of today and finally describe freedom in relationship to personal rights and ethical standards and obligations. â€Å"A social contract is a voluntary agreement in which mutual benefit occurs between and for individuals, groups, government or a community as a whole. According to Locke, the State of Nature, the natural condition of mankind, is a state of perfect and complete liberty to conduct ones life as one best sees fit, free from the interference of others (Kelly, Martin.(2012)). † This does not mean, however, that it is a state of license: one is not free to do anything at all one please, or even anything that one judges to be in one’s interest. The State of Nature, although a state wherein there is no civil authority or government to punish people for transgressions against laws, is not a state without morality. The State of Nature is pre-political, but it is not pre-moral. â€Å"Persons are assumed to be equal to one another in such a state, and therefore equally capable of discovering and being bound by the Law of Nature. Given the implications of the Law of Nature, there are limits as to how much property one can own: one is not allowed to take so more from nature than oneself can use, thereby leaving others without enough for themselves (Powell, Jim. (1996)). † Because nature is given to all of mankind by God for its common subsistence, one cannot take more than his own fair share. Property is the linchpin of Locke’s argument for the social contract and civil government because it is the protection of their property, including their property in their own bodies, which men seek when they decide to abandon the State of Nature.  · Summarize the major differences of the social contract theories. The major differences between classical republicanism and John Lockes natural rights are philosophy are that classical republicanism stresses the common good or community over the natural rights stress of the individual. You look at the natural rights philosophy from what Locke would describe as a state of nature, that is, an imaginary situation where there is no government. Lock believed that there was a law of nurture to govern a state of nature; he stated, The state of nature has a law of nature to govern it which obliges everyone No one ought to harm another in his life, health, liberty, or possessions. â€Å"The main ideologies of the natural rights philosophy are found in the Declaration of Independence with such ideals as consent of the governed, right of revolution, unalienable rights (or rights that cannot be taken away or given up, such as life liberty and property), and overall establishes a social contract. Classical republicanism is modeled after the Roman Republic, where the government provides its citizens with liberty under government and stressed the common good, or what was best for the society as a whole (Powell, Jim.(1996)). † Citizens within a republic must share the same characteristics: civic virtue, moral education, and live in small, uniform communities. Civic virtue is demonstrated when a person sets aside their own personal interests to promote the common good, and thus classical republics often drastically limited individual rights. â€Å"Moral education is the idea that citizens must be taught to be virtuous based on civic religion; these virtues included generosity, courage, self-control, and fairness. Small, uniform communities were necessary to prevent factions (self-interested groups of individuals), and to prevent this, limited the degree of diversity within these communities (Kelly, Martin. (2012)). † People residing within these communities often had similar wealth, religious or moral beliefs, and ways of life. To further prevent diversity, each community has an established religion (which is prohibited in our Constitution per Amendment 1). What are the key principles associated with Locke’s social contract theory? Locke believed there also exists a Law of Nature, the basis of all morality and given by God, that compels us to not harm others life, health, liberty or possessions. For Locke, the social contract exists when mankind in the State of Nature recognizes and heeds the Law of Nature thus forming a civil society. Protection of property, both geographic and one’s own body, were key to Locke’s argument. He said that political society and government are established by mutual consent forming â€Å"one body politic under one government† united into common-wealth to protect property from those who would violate the Law of Nature. Lockes argument for the right of the majority is the theoretical ground for the distinction between duty to society and duty to government, the distinction that permits an argument for resistance without anarchy. â€Å"When the designated government dissolves, men remain obligated to society acting through majority rule. It is entirely possible for the majority to confer the rule of the community on a king and his heirs, or a group of oligarchs or on a democratic assembly (Powell, Jim. (1996)). † Thus, the social contract is not inextricably linked to democracy. Still, a government of any kind must perform the legitimate function of a civil government How are these principle inculcated in the U. S. Bill of Rights? â€Å"John Locke influenced Thomas Jefferson and our Founding Fathers while writing â€Å"the Declaration of Independence and the U. S. Constitution, Locke’s Social Contract Theory on America’s political and governmental system is undeniable (Constitution Society). † â€Å"While writing the Declaration of Independence, Thomas Jefferson, drew heavily from the writings of John Locke, and placed them in the Constitution. The social contract theory infuses both these documents (Constitution Society). † Thomas Jefferson adopted Lockes ideas people had rights to life, liberty, equality, and pursuit of happiness, the responsibility of government must protect those rights, and put them in the Constitution.  · How do the principles play out in the criminal justice system and security settings? The theory does not have basis in today’s criminal justice system in that there are segments of society that believe that the law doesn’t apply to them nor does it protect them. For example, the perception is that the amount of crime in the inner city is rampant. It is widely reported on the news every night. There are always stories on these neighborhoods if and only if it is sensational and /or involves a Caucasian citizen. This argument bears out when newspapers print banner headlines about Caucasian children being missing or kidnapped. Many of the ideas formed in Locke’s social contract theory mimic the modern criminal justice system. As citizens of a society, we give up many of our rights to protect ourselves in favor or a centralized system or rule governed by elected officials.  · Describe freedom in relationship to personal rights and ethical standards and obligations. â€Å"It’s believed that values are what we learn from childhood from parents and surrounding influences of adults involved in the child’s life. Morals are the beliefs developed from that value system and how one should behave in any given situation (Banks, C. (2009)). † â€Å"Ethics on the other hand is how someone actually behaves in the situation that may test ones morals and values. Values are established by childhood upbringing and help mold them into citizens contributing to society. Those environments include home, school, church, neighbors, cultural backgrounds and social get together or parties (Banks, C. (2009)). † Most of these beliefs and patterns of behavior are established through the unconscious observations and experiences of childhood in those environments. John Locke is the creator of the concept of individual rights as the basic reason for government. The U. S. founders turned this into government for the people of the people and by the people. References: Banks, C. (2009). Criminal justice ethics: Theory and practice (2nd Ed.). Los Angeles, CA: SAGE. Constitution Society. (2007). Retrieved on February 18th 2012 from http://constitution. org/soclcont. htm Kelly, Martin. (2012). Social Contract. Retrieved on February 19th 2012. From http://americanhistory. about. com/od/usconstitution/g/social_contract. htm Powell, Jim. (1996). John Locke: Natural Rights to Life, Liberty, and Property. Retrieved on February 19th 2012. from http://www. thefreemanonline. org/featured/john-locke-natural-rights-to-life-liberty-and-property/ 1.

Stakeholders Importance And Their Engagement Management Essay

Stakeholders Importance And Their Engagement Management Essay For any project Planning, management and control are always the most important drivers to deliver the desired outcome.In present days there are many different organisations have embraced the concept of projects as a mechanism of delivering change.Regadless of the size and what kind of industry may be due to this they experience unacceptably high rates of failure, which wastes scarce monetary and human resources and the reputation of the project management profession. The Stakeholder engagement offers a mechanism for assesing each key stakeholder and there influence to understand their expectations.It also defines the proper way for engaging stakeholders.The aim of this course work is to define stakeholder engagement and their importance for any project. Stakeholder: Stakeholders are an integral part of a project. They are the end-users or clients, the people from whom requirements will be drawn, the people who will influence the design and, ultimately, the people who will reap the benefits of your completed project. (jenkins, 2006) It is very important to participate stakeholders in every step of the project for reasons like experience shows that their involvement in the project may increase the chances of success by building in a very significant feedback sphere and involving them in the project can be able to fetch confidence in the final product and will greatly ease its acceptance in your target audience. The Stakeholder Circle: There are many researchs regarding the importance of stakeholders roles in enhancing wealth and economical benefits.One research team (Fletcher et al., 2003) defined a process for mapping stakeholder expectation, one that uses value hierarchies and key performance areas (KPA).In this process stakeholders are divided to their respective potential for threat and their potential for cooperation (Blair et al., 1991) or influence of their power basing on their legitimacy of each stakeholder relation with the company as well as the urgency of the stakeholders claim on the company (Mitchell, Agle and Wood, 1997). There are many other methodologies that provide a relevant useful tool for visualising power and influence in social network mapping (Rowley, 1997).It is sort of more holistic process for managing stakeholders, identifying,assessing,influence and support of the stakeholders.This will lead to obtain strategies for assessing stakeholder satisfaction.It culminates in the development of a stakeholder knowledge base that provides knowledge of who is aware or ignorant and whether their attitude is supportive or opposing (Turner, 2002).Another (Briner, Hastings and Geddes, 1996) have influences the Stakeholder Circle. The concepts of power,authenticity and urgency (Mitchell, Agle and Wood, 1997) are valuable for identifying important stakeholders, This idea of providence and centrality(Rowley, 1997) attempted to figure out and show the power and communication importance within the stakeholder community. In the process of developing an proper engagement strategy based on the work of Briner et al. (1996), Turner (2002) and Fetcher et al. (2003).Figure 1 represents the stakeholder circle, which inturn helps project manager and their team in locating the project key stakeholders in relation to specific time within aproject lifecycle. The prototype stakeholder circle consists of two key elements: concentric circles that represents distance between stakeholder and the projrct manageer.The pattern used for each stakeholder represents homogeneity. Figure 1. Prototype Stakeholder Circle. MI_PR_NS_12_05_06_1_fig1.jpg The Stakeholder Circle is done basing on the idea that a project can exist only with the up to date consent of its stakeholder community (Bourne and Weaver, 2002), so the relationship between the community that inturn increases project team chance for achieving desired outcome.The stakeholder community comprises of both individuals and groups with a different possible influence the projects outcomepostively or negatively. Identification Of Stakeholders: Identifying project stakeholders starts with the categories upwards,downwords,inwards,outwards and sidewards.Then it is followed by knowing mutuality (French and Granrose, 1995), as defined in the scales of understanding what each stakeholder requires from the project and also the significance of them to the project.Posing these questions makes the relationhip between the project and the stakeholder and make sure that project manager is aware and understand what what the both group needs.This can be done through a workshop with project team and the persons from the organization those familiar with project deliverables and constraints.The information obtained can be entered and validated.Then next-prioritisation of the stakeholders can be done. Prioritisation Of Stakeholders: Here the rating of each stakeholder can be done from the project team members by validating stakeholders power,proximity and urgency according to the project.And can be put on into the tool.This list with the relavent data on each stakeholder, helps in developing an engagement strategy.This will make easier for project team to understand and ensure the expectations of key stakeholders. Stakeholder Engagement: Stakeholder engagement can be defined as the method of well eliciting the stakeholders views on their association with the organization (Friedman and Miles, 2006). Stakeholder engagement can be implicit as the practice that the organisations usually take to engage stakeholders in a positive way in organizational actions or activities. From the view of accountability and responsibility theories, stakeholder engagement is a method by which organisational accountability and responsibility towards stakeholders can be acquitted, often through the involvement of stakeholders in decision-making and governance (Gary, 2002). In an organisation, stakeholder engagement customs may exist in many areas like public relations, customer service, supplier relations, management accounting and human resource management with the varied set of organisational stakeholder. In such circumstance, stakeholder engagement might be seen as an instrument for consent, control, co-operation and accountability and also as a structure of employee involvement and participation. It is also seen as a practice for enhancing trust and as an alternative for true trust and also as a discourse to enhance fairness. Stakeholders must be appointed to achieve the best through proper planned amalgamation of communication and involvement. This also assists of stakeholder being committed to the organisation. For the companies to execute the operational level of strategic management capability stakeholder engagement may be opted as one approach. In phrase of degree of engagement with their stakeholders, organisations can employee different strategies (Carroll, 2008).  Stakeholder engagement presents the sense of corporate responsibility. If the organisation is working with dedication through suitable policy and practice, it is quite clear that it is acting responsibly towards the stakeholders. The more an organisation engages with its stakeholders, the more accountable and responsible that organisation is towards these stakeholders (Greenwood, 2007). Even though firms take up a wide series of communication to report their stakeholder engagement efforts, customarily, on the whole usually engaged and most wide-ranging method for reporting stakeholders engagement plans is to voluntarily disclosure its annual reports (Boesso, 2009).  By tradition Stakeholder engagement is viewed as a corporate responsibility in action.  The movement behind the use of the term engagement in corporate social responsibility (CSR) is the need to emphasize that ,it is no longer sufficient for firms to simply network  with stakeholder but also to have a sufficient interaction with stakeholders is considered as logically necessary activity of business (Noland, 2010).   For developing a new activity or to reconsider current or previous efforts a template of principles should be stressed. For stakeholders engagement to be effective the company hold on to various kinds of principles when engaging them on an issue or proposed action or for general feedback (Blackburn, 2007). Planning, transparency, code of conduct, training, inclusiveness, ongoing commitment, and listening are some of the principles of stakeholders engagement. The strategic principles refer to a higher level of understanding and structuring of the stakeholder engagement and involves identifying the stakeholders, significant issues and expectations. The  Strategic principles of the stakeholder engagement  Ã‚  deals  with the  Ã‚  issues of significance to stakeholders and the agency,  understands the concerns, views, needs and expectations of the stakeholders and responds coherently and appropriately. The operational principles are concerned with the action of dealing with the stakeholders such as the stakeholders engagement plan and consultation. They involve  clear and agreed information with feedback processes. The operational principles of the stakeholder engagement are collaborative and recognize, understand and involve stakeholders in the process. They conduct stakeholder engagement in a manner that fosters mutual respect and trust. When engaging stakeholders on an issue or proposed action or for general feedback, the comp any adheres to various kinds of principles to help endure the stakeholder engagement is effective. Maintaining Engagement: Understanding or defyning relavent responses recquires numerous elements, Like which stakeholders are concerned about project definition and planning process, which stakeholders are in need of more information about the project to ease their opposition and which stakeholders play key and relevant roles.Project managers will be held responsible in converting the resulting strategy of who,what,when and how, of giving the tailored messages which are defined for each stakeholder into action.This helps in integrating the communication plan into the project schedule and reporting the expectations of stakeholders are understood and managed in a very proper way. Analysing and Planning: Often the significance of research to stakeholder engagement is ignored. It allows you to identify strengths and weaknesses and eventually build up strategies to connect efficiently. The stakeholder engagement is a serious component to the success of the project and it may be useful to develop a stakeholder engagement plan. For this, various sources, predictable and unconventional, whether it is media, online, literature or word of mouth. As part of the analysis, it is important to examine existing, current and past relationships, available resources and constraints . Managing Project Communication Using Prince2: PRINCE2 has a best move toward managing project communication across the whole project cycle.   It is important that the project manager maintain controlled and bi-directional in order flow to engage and inform  project stakeholders.Spotlight should be on how to ensure the project remains feasible even with its business case, produces the obligatory products, and make sure that is maintained according to plan.   The PRINCE2 communication management cycle can be done by using these four steps:   Plan-Execute-Monitor-Improve.I The communication planning should be in such a way that all stakeholders are identified and engaged throughout the life cycle of the project.The time and resources required for performing this activities will be part of project and team should plan how it should be carried on. It is very much important to figure out and analyze key project stakeholders to find out their information needs.Identified stakeholders will be the persons or groups who are not part of management team but required to contact and interact regularly or else the project outcome will be disturbed.So, it is very important to have effective communication to get desired results.PRINCE2 recommends a very proper six step process to engage stakeholders: 1. Figure out the stakeholders who are concerned in project or worried about the project outcome. Evaluate and generate profiles of the stakeholders to know their involvement, interest and attitudes relating to the project Define a engagement strategy for stakeholders and make them focus on project communications, approving on the information required by each concerned party basing on their roles. Define a proper communicating proforma, timing of the project communications and decide who the senders and recipients for each specified item. Engaging stakeholders according to the plan. Evaluate the efficiency communication activities for the project. (T.Barnard, L.Haner and Weese, 2010) The Communication Management Strategy: It defines the resources and regularity of communication with both internal and external stakeholders.The project manager will be held responsible to create and manuscript this strategy and try to update with the strategy stage by stage and make sure it still encompasses all key project stakeholders . When the project is into the final stage it is also to review the Communication Management Strategy and make sure it includes all the parties who need to be advised that the project is closing. (prince2 2009, 2009) Conclusion: This work on stakeholder engagement made me to know how to identify key stakeholders and their engagement and relation with the project manager and the team which inturn reduces the project risk through developing and nurturing relationship within project. This task presumes that the act of stakeholder engagement in and of itself delivers help towards stakeholders and is, therefore, an act of conscientiousness towards stakeholders. Stakeholder engagement does not always reflect perfect communication, relations and results from start to finish. Stakeholders may be at first argumentative, during the course of the consultations for both internal and external reasons, the important factor is how you deal with these hurdles.

Settlers Effect On The Plains Indians History Essay

Settlers Effect On The Plains Indians History Essay The new railroads in the West occasioned by the Civil War opened up the area to economic development and new settlers. American settlers from the East entered via the Mississippi to ranch farm and mine. Native American settlers also poured from Deep South after being convinced that prosperity was only found in the West. Chinese workers constructing the railroads worsened diversity of the population in this region. The Great Plains underwent transformation because of settlers from the east. Farmers cultivated wheat and other crops on their lands and wiped out herds of American bison. The industry of cattle blossomed as the railroads provided a means of transport to market the cattle (Josephy 32). The lives of African-Americans residing in the west were drastically affected by the increase in white settlement and disappearing of bison. Civil conflicts led to occasional victories by the American Indians despite great US military force and the large number of white settlers. By mid 1980s, over 50% of American Indians had been pushed into reservation areas that least appealed to the white settlers. Because of the civil war, there was a huge traffic of people entering the West Mississippi. These people originated from Midwest and East as well as Asia and Europe. Millions of people had been lured by the promise of riches from gold mines, cheap lands and the imagination of a better living style. The new railroads offered a new means of transportation for the settlers while some of them sailed in order to arrive to the west coast. They settled on the Great Basin, Great Plains, and South West, enduring disillusionment, danger, and hardship. By 20th Century, the white settlers had acquired new homesteads, industries, and communities. Some of them became greatly successful although most of the settlers did not succeed in achieving the wealth they desired (Trigger and Wilcomb 22). Since the arrival of the white settlers, there was a misunderstanding between them and the Indians. For example, non-Indians did not recognize the religious practices of the native tribes, which include worshiping of animal and plant spirits. In addition, the Plain Indians believed in a complicated system of Kinship based on extended families: the settlers could not comprehend this. Such cultural differences made the white settlers view native people as barriers too civilization (Smith and Allen 47). As the Americans organized new states and territories in the West, it gave a clear indication that Native Americans were prohibited from roaming over the land occupied by non-natives. The US policy aimed at establishing small pieces of land for different tribes and motivated them to practice agriculture. While some tribes peacefully settled on the reservations, most of them were resistant and did not give up their way of life and their lands (Philip 18). Losing the bison on the Great Plains was a huge threat to the survival of Indians than the battle with the US army. The American Indians relied on the bison as a source of fuel, shelter, clothing, and food. Although the destruction of the bison was not under the federal policy, the practice was approved by army commanders as a way of destroying key aspects of the Indian life. Besides, hunters were hired along the railroads killing wildlife animals whilst providing food to the workers of the transcontinental lines. After the completion of the railroads, the settlers used chartered cars to shoot the bison. As of 1975, they had killed millions of bison, which provided material for hides in the East. After a decade, the bison species became extinct. This situation was worsened because they had abandoned their nomadic lifestyle. As a result, the Indians had no option but to accept living on the reservations (McNickle 52). The system of reserving Indians on small pieces of land did not succeed. Most of the families were reserved on marginal lands that made it impossible for them to develop farming practices that could sustain them. The government could not fulfill its promise of supplying them with food and other needs. This made the government abandon its hard held policy of viewing the tribes as sovereign states. The purpose of the new land was to promote farming among the native tribes through breaking the reservations (American Journey 547). The policy allowed the land to be distributed per each household. After the distribution, citizenship and title of ownership was given to each owner. However, this was not done to all the members of the native tribes. The reserved land that had not been allocated to the native Americans were sold to interested people. Although this was a humanitarian reform, the US policy did not recognize the communal lifestyle of Native Americans: this led to the loss of mill ions of acres of land belonging to the Indians (Smith and Allen 39). The Plains Indian tribes were desperate and had an urge to restore their past; they were attracted to the Ghost Dance: a religious group. This movement had promised them that it would protect them from the white settlers, and the bullets of the American soldiers. It had also promised to bring the herds of Bison back. Efforts of reviving cultural practices of the Native Americans raised concerns among the US army and the settlers. This is because they were worried that it would increase the Indian resistance. When the US army failed to ban the Ghost Dance Movement, they adopted methods that are more aggressive. As of 1980, the US military had killed over 300 children, women, and men. This led a confrontation that marked of Plains Indian resistance (Trigger and Wilcomb 30). In the beginning of 19th Century, the American government decided that it would use treaties to solve the conflict between non-Indian settlers and the Plains Indian tribes. These treaties were meant to restrict the Native American tribes from moving to certain regions. Later, the federal government established a permanent frontier where displaced eastern tribes could live. In 1854, the US government reserved a vast region for the settlers (McNickle 72). Plains Indians were reserved and pressurized to embrace change. They deployed new resistant strategies but did not succeed. The Great Plains underwent transformation because of settlers from the east. Farmers cultivated wheat and other crops on their lands and wiped out herds of American bison. The cattle industry blossomed because the railroads provided a means of transport to market the cattle. However, they have demonstrated their skills in adapting to change and hardship while using the most available opportunity. They have worked for wages, traded, hunted, protested, lobbied, prayed, danced, made war, ranched and farmed. Using their adaptive approaches, the Plains Indians have maintained themselves as unique population despite the challenges (Smith and Allen 20). Work Cited Josephy, Alvin. America in 1492: The World of the Indian People before the Arrival of Columbus. New York: Alfred A. Knopf 2002. History Reference Center. McNickle, DArcy. Native American Tribalism: Indian Survivals and Renewals. London: Oxford University Press, 2003 JSTOR. Philip, Kenneth. John Colliers Crusade for Indian Reform, 1920à ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬1954. Tucson: University of Arizona Press, 2007 Print. Smith, Paul, and Allen Robert. Like a Hurricane: The Indian Movement from Alcatraz to Wounded Knee. 2006 New York Times Historical Database. Trigger, Bruce and Wilcomb Washburn, eds. The Cambridge History of the Native Peoples of the Americas. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2006 Print. The American Journey. Upper Saddle River: Pearson, 2011. Print.

Analysis of Internet Protocols and Infrastructure Essay -- Internet Te

Analysis of Internet Protocols and Infrastructure Introduction: Network: Anything reticulated or decussated at equal distances, with interstices between the intersections. - A Dictionary of the English Language SECTION : 1 1.1 WHAT IS A NETWORK? A) What is a network? A network is simply a collection of machines connected in some way that allows them to communicate with each other and share information. To do this the machines have to be connected in some way that allows communication, and have an agreed upon a language to talk when they do communicate. Components of a network might include individual hosts, some form of communications hardware, a network protocol and a collection of network services. B) Individual hosts A network is a collection of individual machines sometimes referred to as hosts. Each host (computer) must have some unique identifier that allows other hosts to talk to it. 1.2 COMPONENTS OF A NETWORK A) Network Protocol In order to communicate the parties must speak the same language. Languages on computer networks are referred to as network protocols. A network protocol is simply a set of rules and formats that govern how information is sent and in what format it is sent. Some of the different network protocols used today include TCP/IP (Internet and UNIX favourite), IPX (Novell), Appletalk (MAC), DECnet and various others. TCP/IP is quickly becoming the networking protocol and is the one I concentrate on in this subject. B) Network services To be of use to users the network will provide various services including file, print and device sharing, electronic mail etc. 1.3 TYPES OF NETWORKS A) Network categories  · LAN (local ... ...UNIX the routing table can be viewed using the netstat command. The route a packet follows can be viewed using the traceroute command. Routing tables are either created statically, or by the systems administrator configuring the system, using the startup or configuration fiels, to used a pre-defined, unchanging route.dynamically.  · There are protocols, part of TCP/IP, that will dynamically modify the routing table in response to events.  · Adding a host to the network requires obtaining, installing and configuring the necessary network hardware, gather the required information including IP address and hostname of the new host, the gateway and the name server, the network address and the subnet mask, modify the appropriate configuration and startup files with that information, make sure the new host has an entry in the domain name service, test the connection.

Essay on Adas Metamorphosis to Independent Woman in Cold Mountain

Ada's Metamorphosis to Independent Woman in Cold Mountain As Ada arrives at Black Cove, she and her father are completely unprepared for a life of independence. The ride there becomes the first of their problems. A new horse and cabriolet were purchased for the trip, but that was their first mistake. "The rain fell aslant, coming at their faces so that the top of the carriage did little good in sheltering them from it" (55). Monroe, Ada's father, had no idea on how to get to Cold Mountain, and "At each fork, Monroe simply guessed at the route they ought to take" (55). Ada's life in Charleston was one of aristocracy. She enjoyed balls, parties, and suitors, none of which helped her in any way at Black Cove. Ruby comments that she "could only marvel at the lives so useless that they required missing sleep and paddling about on a river for pleasure" (144). Ruby's arrival helps Ada immensely. Without Ruby's help the garden would never me more than "weeds that Ada could not name and had neither the energy nor the heart to fight" (28). Ruby was constantly planning...

“The Importance of Mother Tongue-Based Schooling for Educational Quality”

Commissioned study for EFA Global Monitoring Report 2005 Carol Benson, Ph. D. Centre for Research on Bilingualism Stockholm University 14 April 2004 Part A: Overview While there are many factors involved in delivering quality basic education, language is clearly the key to communication and understanding in the classroom. Many developing countries are characterized by individual as well as societal multilingualism, yet continue to allow a single foreign language to dominate the education sector.Instruction through a language that learners do not speak has been called â€Å"submersion† (Skutnabb-Kangas 2000) because it is analogous to holding learners under water without teaching them how to swim. Compounded by chronic difficulties such as low levels of teacher education, poorly designed, inappropriate curricula and lack of adequate school facilities, submersion makes both learning and teaching extremely difficult, particularly when the language of instruction is also foreign t o the teacher.Mother tongue-based bilingual programs use the learner’s first language, known as the L1, to teach beginning reading and writing skills along with academic content. The second or foreign language, known as the L2, should be taught systematically so that learners can gradually transfer skills from the familiar language to the unfamiliar one. Bilingual models and practices vary as do their results, but what they have in common is their use of the mother tongue at least in the early years so that students can acquire and develop literacy skills in addition to understanding and participating in the classroom.Bilingual as opposed to monolingual schooling offers significant pedagogical advantages which have been reported consistently in the academic literature (see reviews in Baker 2001; Cummins 2000; CAL 2001): Use of a familiar language to teach beginning literacy facilitates an understanding of sound-symbol or meaning-symbol correspondence. Learning to read is most efficient when students know the language and can employ psycholinguistic guessing strategies; likewise, students can communicate through writing as soon as they understand the rules of the orthographic (or other written) system of their language.In contrast, submersion programs may succeed in teaching students to decode words in the L2, but it can take years before they discover meaning in what they are â€Å"reading. †  ¦ Since content area instruction is provided in the L1, the learning of new concepts is not postponed until children become competent in the L2. Unlike submersion teaching, which is often characterised by lecture and rote response, bilingual instruction allows teachers and students to interact naturally and negotiate meanings together, creating participatory learning environments that are conducive to cognitive as well as linguistic development. Explicit teaching of the L2 beginning with oral skills allows students to learn the new language through commun ication rather than memorization. In submersion schooling teachers are often forced to translate or code-switch to convey meaning, making concept learning inefficient and even impeding language learning, while bilingual programs allow for systematic teaching of the L2.  ¦ Transfer of linguistic and cognitive skills is facilitated in bilingual programs.Once students have basic literacy skills in the L1 and communicative skills in the L2, they can begin reading and writing in the L2, efficiently transferring the literacy skills they have acquired in the familiar language. The pedagogical principles behind this positive transfer of skills are Cummins’ (1991, 1999) interdependence theory and the concept of common underlying proficiency, whereby the knowledge of language, literacy and concepts learned in the L1 can be accessed and used in the second language once oral L2 skills are developed, and no re-learning is required.Consistent with these principles, it is possible for chi ldren schooled only in the L2 to transfer their knowledge and skills to the L1, but the process is highly inefficient as well as being unnecessarily difficult. Code-switching and code-mixing involve alternation between languages, and are common communication strategies in bi- and multilingual contexts. Code alternation functions best when all parties are competent speakers of the languages involved, but in submersion classrooms it is more of a coping strategy for dealing with a foreign instructional medium and does not necessarily contribute to second language learning.As specialists Lanauze & Snow explain, transfer means that â€Å"language skills acquired in a first language can, at least if developed beyond a certain point in L1, be recruited at relatively early stages of L2 acquisition for relatively skilled performance in L2, thus shortcutting the normal developmental progression in L2† (1989: 337).  ¦ Student learning can be accurately assessed in bilingual classrooms . When students can express themselves, teachers can diagnose what has been learned, what remains to be taught and which students need further assistance.In submersion schooling cognitive learning and language learning are confounded, making it difficult for teachers to determine whether students have difficulty understanding the concept itself, the language of instruction, or the language of the test.  ¦ The affective domain, involving confidence, self-esteem and identity, is strengthened by use of the L1, increasing motivation and initiative as well as creativity.L1 classrooms allow children to be themselves and develop their personalities as well as their intellects, unlike submersion classrooms where they are forced to sit silently or repeat mechanically, leading to frustration and ultimately repetition, failure and dropout.  ¦ Students become bilingual and biliterate. Bilingual programs encourage learners to understand, speak, read and write in more than one language. In co ntrast, submersion programs attempt to promote skills in a new language by eliminating them from a known language, which may actually limit learner competence in both.All of these advantages are based on two assumptions: one, that basic human needs are being met so that schooling can take place; and two, that mother tongue-based bilingual schooling can be properly implemented. Simply changing the language of instruction without resolving other pressing social and political issues is not likely to result in significant improvement in educational services. However, because language cross-cuts race, ethnicity, gender, and poverty, even minimally implemented bilingual programs have the potential to reach those who have traditionally been left behind by L2 submersion schooling.This paper will discuss how choosing an appropriate language of instruction has positive implications for education in terms of both increasing access and improving quality. Education for All: Building Strong Learn ing Foundations thru the Mother Tongue * Philippine basic education is now at a critical crossroad. It now calls for the revisiting of our commitment to Education for All (EFA) 2015. All stakeholders have to be vigilant and involved. Otherwise, education will just be a weak transformative power in our society.Instead of education for all, it will be education for the few; instead of seeing Filipino youth become critical thinkers, coherent communicators, and productive citizens; we will see a generation of unreflective and mediocre mouthpieces of languages not their own. We affirm the need to improve learning competencies in all subject areas, including English. Our educational system has to move forward following a roadmap drawn by experts in language and education based on empirical proofs. Experiences of other multilingual countries all point to the mother tongue as the best language of learning, especially in the early grades.The mother tongue is the most effective bridge to and foundation for the learning of other languages like English. At this stage, however, many of our lawmakers and national leaders still hold on to the unfounded but long-held belief that an English-dominated initial basic education will produce superior learners. We submit that such educational strategy will only benefit a very small number of Filipinos—those who belong to families where English is the home language. But the truth is that the majority of our school children come from homes where the mother tongue is the predominant language.This explains their marginalization in the classroom. Such marginalized learners, as pointed out by scientific evidences face the double burden of learning. They are struggling to learn the 3Rs on top of the big burden of learning an alien language in which they are taught. This predicament is one of the major culprits of poor performance and high drop-out rates. All of these imply the needed approach– teach the yet unknown 3Rs throug h the already familiar local language and culture, build the learner’s capacity to learn and introduce a second language with the correct phasing.With such mother tongue-based multi-lingual education (MLE) framework, the mastery of all the learning areas including English is effectively attained. It is a basic truth that language embodies a person's cultural identity and heritage. To uphold this truth, even international law guarantees and directs states’ educational system to develop respect for the child’s own cultural identity and language (Article 29-c Convention on the Rights of the Child). Thus, we reject any assertion that a local language may be inferior, inadequate and poses an obstacle to learning.We also reject the usual argument that MLE is costly and, therefore, very hard to implement in the face of limited financial resources. Papua New Guinea, a poor Asian country of more than 800 languages, has demonstrated that reliance on local initiatives and resources for MLE is highly feasible and substantially saves on much costs of developing and producing learning materials. Recently, our own DepEd’s Agusan Pilot MLE Study corroborated the practicality and merits of local self-reliance and initiatives.Thus, we submit that ultimately, to insist on teaching with an alien language is more costly and inefficient when children do not become functionally literate and hardly develop higher order thinking skills and whose English competencies are mediocre. Mother Tongue-Based Multilingual Education Many Filipino learners face barriers in education. One of these barriers is that our learners often begin their education in a language they do not understand. Because they do not understand the language of education, many learners become discouraged and tend to drop-out from school.Content of material is often culturally distant or unfamiliar to the learners. The limited education that learners receive does not prepare them for lifelong l earning. Mother tongue-based multilingual education (MLE) is a formal or nonformal education, in which the children’s mother tongue is used in the classroom as a bridge in learning Filipino and English. Children begin their education in a language they understand, their mother tongue, and develop a strong foundation in their mother language.The purpose of a multilingual education program is to develop appropriate cognitive and reasoning skills enabling children to operate equally in different languages – starting in the mother tongue with transition to Filipino and then English. It is a structured program of language learning and cognitive development which provides learners with a strong educational foundation in the first language. If the mother tongue is not used, we create people who are illiterate in two languages.Children do not become sufficiently fluent in their mother tongue (L1) in both oracy and literacy if their vocabulary in L1 is limited, thus restricting their ability to learn a second language (L2). A strong foundation in L1 is required for learning L2. Children’s understanding of concepts is limited or confused if leaning is only L2. The benefits of MLE include the following: †¢ Reduced drop-out †¢ Reduced repetition †¢ Children are attending school. †¢ Children are learning. †¢ Parents and community are involved. †¢ It is more cost – effective to implement mother tongue programs.A region wide training was conducted last summer in preparation for this school year’s pilot implementation. A Regional association of supervisors, school heads and teachers was organized during that training. Feedback gathered from the pilot implementers revealed that teachers find the use of the MTB-MLE very useful. Pupils are very participative and most of them have learned to read by this time. Although some teachers find it tiresome, especially in the preparation of materials, but they feel rewarded by seeing the enjoyment among the pupils in their learning experiences.